ABSTRACT In no-tillage systems, oats are one of the species most used as a cover crop in the subtropical region of Brazil. This study aims is to determine a set of chemical and physical properties of five Oxisols after surface liming, and to determine whether these properties are related to the shoot dry mass production of white oat (Avena sativa L.) variety IPR Aphrodite, in order to establish a model to predict its yield.. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 in Londrina County in the State of Paraná with samples of B horizon collected from five Oxisols with clay content ranging from 15-80 dag kg-1 arranged in microplots since 2004. Soil pH in CaCl2, calcium, magnesium, potassium, potential cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, microporosity, total porosity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, clay and sand of the Oxisols were the parameters that most influenced the dry mass production of white oats. Oxisol extrinsic factors such as values pH and base saturation, as well as the calcium and magnesium contents, positively altered with surface liming, boosting the production of oat dry mass production.

ABSTRACT Humic substances (HS) comprise the passive element in soil organic matter (SOM), and represent one of the soil carbon pools which may be altered by different cover crops and weed control methods. This study aimed to assess HS distribution and characteristics in an experimental coffee crop area subjected to cover crops and cultural, mechanical, and chemical weed control. The study was carried out at Londrina, in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil (23°21’30” S; 51°10’17” W). In 2008, seven weed control/cover crops were established in a randomized block design between two coffee rows as the main-plot factor per plot and soil sampling depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm) as a split-plot. HS were extracted through alkaline and acid solutions and analyzed by chromic acid wet oxidation and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Chemical attributes presented variations in the topsoil between the field conditions analyzed. Cover crop cutting and coffee tree pruning residues left on the soil surface may have interfered in nutrient cycling and the humification process. Data showed that humic substances comprised about 50 % of SOM. Although different cover crops and weed control methods did not alter humic and fulvic acid carbon content, a possible incidence of condensed aromatic structures at depth increments in fulvic acids was observed, leading to an average decrease of 53 % in the E4/E6 ratio. Humin carbon content increased 25 % in the topsoil, particularly under crop weed-control methods, probably due to high incorporation of recalcitrant structures from coffee tree pruning residues and cover crops.

A parte mineral do solo é classificada conforme a granulometria das partículas em argila, silte e areia (fina e grossa) e sua matéria orgânica pode influir no tamanho e na estabilidade dos agregados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os processos de agitação na eficiência de dispersão dos agregados do solo e a interferência da matéria orgânica na análise granulométrica do solo. Várias amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0 a 40 cm. Foram determinados: tempo de agitação da mesa agitadora reciprocante, tipo de agitador, diâmetro do recipiente para agitação reciprocante, efeito do abrasivo na agitação e oxidação da matéria orgânica com H2O2 30% na determinação do teor de argila. Agitação reciprocante com areia grossa foi eficiente na desagregação dos agregados do solo e é indicada para análise em série. A oxidação prévia das substâncias húmicas cimentantes do solo com H2O2 30% não influiu na fragmentação dos agregados. O erro causado pela matéria orgânica do solo no teor de argila pode ser corrigido pelo valor da matéria orgânica determinado por Walkley-Black, dispensando oxidação prévia da amostra com H2O2 30%.

The mineral part of soil is classified according to size of clay, silt and sand (fine and coarse) particles. The soil organic matter (OM) can influence the size and stability of clay aggregates. The aims of this study were to evaluate shaking processes on the dispersion efficiency of soil aggregates and to evaluate the influence of soil OM on soil particle size analysis. Samples from 0 to 40 cm depths of several agricultural clay soil were collected. Stirring time on reciprocating shaker, shaker types, diameter of container for reciprocating agitation, effect of abrasive on shaking and oxidation of OM with 30% of H2O2 on clay content determination were evaluated. Reciprocating shaking with coarse sand was efficient in the breakdown of soil aggregates and is suitable for series analysis. Previous oxidation of humic substance in soil with 30% H2O2 did not influence the fragmentation of clay aggregates. Error on clay content caused by soil OM can be corrected by using the value of OM determined by Walkley-Black method and does not require prior oxidation of soil sample with 30% H2O2.

Compostos orgânicos hidrossolúveis de resíduos vegetais depositados na superfície do solo podem melhorar a fertilidade do subsolo, pela neutralização da acidez e transporte de Ca e Mg. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos compostos orgânicos hidrossolúveis de materiais vegetais nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, foi desenvolvido um experimento no Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Londrina, com amostras de solo acondicionadas em colunas nas quais se aplicaram os tratamentos: água destilada, calcário incorporado na camada 0-5 cm de profundidade, calcário e percolação com extratos de nabo forrageiro, aveia preta, palha de trigo, milho e soja. No extrato percolado, foram determinados os teores de ligantes orgânicos hidrossolúveis (LOH) por potenciometria com eletrodo seletivo de Cu2+; ácidos orgânicos tituláveis (AOT) por titulação ácido-base e ânions orgânicos (AO) pela soma de bases. As concentrações de AO e AOT variaram de 7,0 a 32,0 mmol L-1 e de LOH de 0,60 a 2,23 mmol L-1. Todos os extratos vegetais aumentaram o pH, os teores de Ca, Mg e K trocável e diminuíram a acidez potencial e o Al trocável até 15 cm de profundidade, enquanto o efeito da calagem sem extrato foi observado somente até 10 cm de profundidade. A concentração de compostos orgânicos solúveis oriundos dos materiais vegetais correlacionou-se com o pH, Al trocável, H+Al e V % do solo na camada de 0-20 cm, confirmando a participação destes na melhoria dos atributos químicos do solo e ação da calagem superficial quando o material vegetal está presente.

The water-soluble organic compounds of plant residues released on the soil surface can improve the subsoil fertility, due to the neutralization of acidity and Ca and Mg transport. An experiment was conducted at the Instituto Agronomico do Parana (IAPAR), Londrina, to evaluate the effect of water-soluble organic compounds of plant extracts on the chemical characteristics of a dark Red Latosol (Typic Haplortox), on soil samples in columns. The treatments consisted of: distilled water, lime incorporated in the 0-5 cm soil layer, lime and percolation of the following plant extracts: oilseed radish, black oat and wheat, maize and soybean straw. The following properties were determined in the plant extracts: the water-soluble organic ligand (WSOL) by potentiometry with selective Cu2+ electrode; titration of organic anions (TOA) and organic anions (OA) by base addition. The OA and TOA concentrations varied from 7.0 to 32.0 mmol L-1 and WSOL from 0.60 to 2.23 mmol L-1. All plant extracts increased pH and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K and decreased the potential acidity and exchangeable Al down to a soil depth of 15 cm, while the effect of lime without plant extract was only observed down to 10 cm. The soluble organic compound concentrations of the plant residues were correlated with pH, Al3+, H+Al and soil base saturation in the 0-20 cm layer, confirming the role of these organic compounds to improve the chemical characteristics of an acid soil as well as the action of the surface-applied lime.

O teor de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) é estimado pelo conteúdo de carbono orgânico do solo (COS) vezes um fator, decorrente do pressuposto de que 58% da MOS é formada por carbono. Amostras de solos apresentando grande variação no teor de COS foram avaliadas no laboratório. O COS foi determinado pelo método de Walkley-Black (WB) e a MOS pela perda de massa por ignição (PMI). A MOS foi positivamente correlacionada com o COS. A relação MOS/COS variou de 1,91 a 5,08. Este resultado mostra que a MOS brasileiros apresentam maior grau de oxidação. Embora a MOS e o COS tenham diminuído a relação MOS/COS aumentou com a profundidade do solo. Este resultado demonstrou que a MOS da subsuperfície contem mais oxigênio e menos carbono que a MOS da superfície do solo. A relação CTC/COS também aumentou com a profundidade, indicando um aumento nos grupos funcionais da MOS por unidade de carbono.

The quantity of soil organic matter (SOM) was estimated through the determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) times a factor, which assumes that 58% of the SOM was formed by carbon. A number of soil samples with wide range of SOC content collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil were evaluated in the laboratory. SOC was measured by Walkley-Black method and the total SOM by loss on ignition. The SOC was positively correlated with SOM. The SOM/SOC ratio varied from 1.91 to 5.08 for the soils. It shows that Brazilian SOM has greater oxidation degree. Although, the SOM and SOC decreased with soil depth the SOM/SOC ratio increased. It showed that SOM in the subsoil contained more oxygen but less carbon than the SOM in the upper soil surface. The CEC/SOC also increased with depth indicating that the functional groups of the SOM increased per unity of carbon.

Avaliou-se, em casa de vegetação, o efeito de doses variando de Cu (0 a 5,0 mmol kg-1) e de Zn (0 a 2,0 mmol kg-1) adicionados em um Cambissolo na produção de matéria seca e composição mineral do feijoeiro. Adicionaram-se, separadamente, as doses de metais no solo e, após 30 dias de cultivo do feijoeiro, determinaram-se a matéria seca e os teores de Cu e Zn na parte aérea e raízes. Os teores dos metais nos tecidos das plantas foram correlacionados com os respectivos valores extraídos pelas soluções de NH4OAc 1,0 mol L-1 pH 4,8 e pH 7,0 e DTPA 5,0 mmol L-1 pH 6,8 e os teores de Cu da parte aérea e raiz aumentaram proporcionalmente às doses dos metais adicionadas ao solo. O acúmulo de Cu na raiz foi até 10 vezes superior ao da parte aérea, e aumentou com a dose de Cu até 5,0 mmol kg-1 de solo. O feijoeiro não apresentou sintoma de fitotoxicidade e o teor de Cu da parte aérea não ultrapassou o nível considerado normal. O extrator DTPA apresentou a melhor correlação de Cu no solo com os teores da parte aérea e da raiz. Os teores de Zn dos tecidos de feijoeiro aumentaram com o acréscimo das doses do metal no solo. O teor de Zn na raiz, 330 mg kg-1, foi superior ao da parte aérea da planta, 310 mg kg-1, mas não reduziu a produção de matéria seca nem apresentou sintomas de toxicidade nas folhas. As três soluções extratoras apresentaram alta correlação com os teores de Zn na parte aérea e na raiz do feijoeiro.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying doses of Cu (0 to 5.0 mmol kg-1 ) and Zn (0 to 2.0 mmol kg-1) added to a Cambisol on the dry matter and mineral composition of snap beans. Separately the metals were added to the soil and after 30 days plant dry matter and Cu and Zn contents in aerial part and in the roots. The metal contents in the plant tissues were correlated with those present in the soil extracted with 1.0 mol L-1 NH4OAc pH 4.8 and 7.0, and 5.0 mmol L-1 DTPA pH 6.8. The Cu content in aerial part and roots increased in proportion to the doses added to soil. The accumulation of Cu in the roots was ten times greater than that found in the aerial part and increased with the Cu rates in soil up to 5.0 mmol kg-1. At application rate of 5.0 mmol kg-1 of soil, beans did not show phytotoxicity symptoms and the Cu concentration in the aerial part was below the normal level. The DTPA solution showed the best correlation of soil-Cu with aerial part-Cu and root-Cu. The contents of Zn in the bean root tissues increased with increasing contents of metal in soil. The Zn concentration in the roots (330 mg kg-1) was greater than found in the aerial part (310 mg kg-1). But did not show toxicity symptoms in the leaves even in the highest Zn rates and did not reduce the dry matter production. The three soil-Zn extraction solutions showed high correlation with Zn concentration in the aerial part and in the roots of beans.

The objective of this study was to develop a method for the direct determination of residual CO3(2-) in acid soil using a flow system coupled with pervaporation. The gas released from the acidified sample was separated though a hydrophobic membrane and detected by conductivimetry. The detection limit was 0.054 mmol c kg-1 for CO2/CO3(2-) with relative error of 3.1%. The analytical frequency was 20 samples per hour. The method is recommended for studying the reactions and kinetics of lime applied in acid soils.

The objective of this study was to evaluate a flow injection system for determination of residual CO3(2-) in soil amended with lime material. It was used a closed system were the CO2 released from soil sample acidified with 0.5 mol L-1 HCl was capted in a 0.2 mol L-1 NaOH solution. After 16h the capted CO2 was determined by conductivimetry using a flow injection system. The results obtained by the proposed method were significantly correlated with those reported in soil samples used by the International Soil Analytical Exchange Programe. The regression equation was: y = 0.987x -- 0.075 r = 0.996, P > 0.01. For acid soils amended with CaCO3 the method showed a deviation error of 2.7%, detection limit was 0.077 mmol kg-1 of CO3(2-), and a recovery of 99.7% of the total CO3(2-) added in soil sample. The method was easily adapted for routine determination of residual CO3(2-) in soil samples with an analytical frequency of 40 samples per hour.

A influência da aplicação de resíduos vegetais na dinâmica de íons em solos ácidos é pouco conhecida. Neste estudo, a mobilidade de íons em amostra do horizonte Bw de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro álico lixiviado com soluções puras de ácidos cítrico e succínico e extratos aquosos de resíduos de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) e aveia-preta (Avena strigosa) foi avaliada em colunas de solo (5, 10, 20 e 40 cm de altura por 4 cm de diâmetro). Após a percolação das soluções e extratos pelas colunas de solo determinaram-se, nas soluções efluentes, os teores de Ca (Ca s), Mg (Mg s), K (Ks), Al total (Al st), orgânico (Al so), monomérico (Al sm) e carbono orgânico dissolvido. No solo, foram determinados os teores trocáveis de Ca (Ca tr), Mg (Mg tr), K (Ktr) e Al (Al tr) e o pH (CaCl2). Os ácidos cítrico e succínico aumentaram os teores de Al st e Ca s, respectivamente, causando reduções nas frações trocáveis desses elementos no solo. O extrato de aveia-preta foi mais efetivo na remoção do Ca tr e o de nabo forrageiro na do Al tr. O decréscimo de Ca tr e Al tr foi seguido do aumento do Ktr. A formação de complexos entre Ca s e Al tr com compostos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular foi sugerida como o provável mecanismo responsável pela mobilidade dos íons polivalentes no subsolo de solos ácidos após a aplicação dos extratos de resíduos vegetais e das soluções puras de ácidos orgânicos.

The influence of green manure residues addition in the dynamic of ions in acid soils is not well known. In this study, ion mobility in a sample of the Bw horizon of an Dark-Red Latosol (Oxisol), leached with citric and succinic acid pure solutions and with aqueous residue extracts of black oats (Avena strigosa) and oil seed radish (Raphanus sativus) were evaluated in soil columns (5, 10, 20, and 40 cm long by 4 cm diameter). After the solutions and extracts passed through the soil columns, the following parameters were determined: solubles contents of Ca s, Mg s, Ks, Al st (total), Al so (organic), Al sm (monomeric) and dissolved organic carbon. In soil, the parameters evaluated were the exchangeable contents of Ca ex, Mg ex, Kex, and Al ex and pH (CaCl2). Citric and succinic acids increased Al st and Ca s contents, respectively, resulting in decreasing exchangeable fractions of these elements in soil. Black oats extract was more effective to extract Ca ex and oil seed radish to extract Al ex. The decrease in Ca ex and Al ex was followed by an increase in Kex. Organic complexes formed with low molecular organic ligands and Ca s and Al ex were suggested to play a role in the mobility of ions in subsoils of acid soils after the addition of both crop residues extracts and pure organic acid solutions.

A falta de Ca e a presença de Al na subsuperfície do solo restringem o crescimento das raízes. A eficiência da calagem aplicada na superfície do solo na neutralização da acidez subsuperficial é limitada. Foram conduzidos experimentos de laboratório com colunas de PVC para avaliar técnicas orgânicas e inorgânicas na mobilidade do Ca em solo com carga variável. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com sais de Ca: CaCO3, CaSO4, Ca(NO3)2, Ca-acetato e Ca-citrato, e outro com CaCO3 associado com resíduos de aveia preta, trigo e leucena. Avaliaram-se os teores de Ca trocável em solucão de KCl 1M nas profundidades de 0 a 5, 5 a 10, 10 a 20, 20 a 30, 30 a 40 e 40 a 50cm. A eficiência dos sais na mobilidade de Ca seguiu a ordem: NO3 > Acetado > Citrato > SO4 > CO3. Os resíduos de plantas forma eficientes na mobilização do Ca na seguinte ordem: aveia > leucena > trigo. Atribuiu-se à formação de complexos organo-metálico a responsabilidade pela mobilização do Ca no solo associada com a calagem e os resíduos vegetais.

Lack of Ca and often the presence of Al in subsoil restrict crop-root proliferation. The efficacy of soil surface liming in neutralize subsoil acidity is limited. Laboratory experiments were conducted with leaching columns to evaluate some organic and inorganic techniques to accelerate the mobility of Ca in a variable charge soil. Two different experiments were conducted, one with Ca-salts: CaCO3, CaSO4, Ca(NO3)2, Ca-acetate, and Ca-citrate; and another one with CaCO3 plus plant residues: black oat (Avena strigosa), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). The observations included MKCl exchangeable Ca in 0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30, 30 to 40 and 40 to 50 cm soil depth. The effects of CaCO3 without plant residue was limited to the upper 10 cm of the profile. The efficacy of Ca-salts on the mobility of Ca ex followed the order: NO3 > Acetate > Citrate > SO4 > CO3. Plant residues were highly efficient as Ca-carrier in the following order black oat > leucaena > wheat. Metal-organic complexes were assumed to be responsible for the movement of Ca in the profile associated with lime and plant residues.